2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). [2], Mammals found here include the last Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus) to be found in the wild, on the Buri Peninsula of Eritrea. Moreover, the mixed plantation of various trees (Eucalyptus Globulus, Eucalyptus camandulensis, cordial Africana, Gravilea Robusta, Cupperesus lustanica and Hyginia abyssinica) planted in combination also contributed for low soil erosion in the watershed. Cosiaux, A., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P. Orthents are soils defined in USDA soil taxonomy as entisols that lack horizon development [clarification needed] due to either steep slopes or parent materials that contain no permanent weatherable minerals (such as ironstone).. This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. catchments. The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. The potential annual soil loss ranges from 0 in the flat land to 38.09 ton/ha/year steep slope areas with an average annual soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). Finally, the aggregated effects of Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. The people would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. GIS, Remote Sensing, Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), RUSLE, Weighted Overlay, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), Soil Loss. Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. MScThesis,Universityof Berne, Centre for Development and Environment Geographisches Institut, Kruger HJ, Berhanu F, Yohannes GM, Kefeni K (1995) Inventory of indigenous soil and water conservation measures on selected sites in the Ethiopian Highlands, p 34, Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by Erosion. 0000000836 00000 n variables were used as input model parameters/variables. %PDF-1.7 % Nat Resour 5:616626. /FontName /ArialMT J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. Correspondence to Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 4). Out of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/year). 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. study area. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Finally, the integration of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed. FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. (2019) in (Table5). (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). The World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Reserv Res Manag 16:293305. [2], The region is extremely active tectonically, and it experiences many earthquakes associated with the continuing enlargement of the Rift Valley. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. 0000003057 00000 n The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel. Worabe Agricultural Research Center, South Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia, P. BOX. Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA (1996) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia. 0000017283 00000 n length, soil type, soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall - 159.203.63.113. Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. Cont Min Petrol 166(2):351370, Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Deckers J, Haile M, Lang A (2004) Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlandsa state of the art. xref CNR Italy, Firenze, Natali C, Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Siena F (2013) The Axum-Adwa basalttrachyte complex: a late magmatic activity at the periphery of the Afar plume. Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). In order to protect remaining species, the government has set aside 20 national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries covering a total area of 21,320 square miles (55,220 square km)about 5 percent of the total area of Ethiopia. /StemV 78 The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. Northeast Afr Stud 2(1):119133, Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia Albida-based agroforestry in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. >> /Descent -212 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 << It shows wide . Environ Model Softw 18(89):761799, Morgan RPC (1995) Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn. Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. From September to February is the long dry season known as the bega; this is followed by a short rainy season, the belg, in March and April. having one or more of the following: a calcic or gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. The Kidus Yared peak is situated near the middle of the shield volcano. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). DC, USA. The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. A Feasibility Study on theUseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries. Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. 8). /Length 3452 It is the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith (1978). Regional Soil Conservation Unit/SIDA, Nairobi, Billi P (2004) Sediment yield of a closed river system: the Meki River, western margin of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. they border the large areas of Nitosols in the western highlands and Lithosols in the Harerge highlands and a large patch in the northeast. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. 0000005191 00000 n Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. Vol: 200(703), p 384, Ritchie JC, Nearing MA, Ritchie CA (2003) Patterns of soil erosion and redeposition on lucky hills watershed, walnut gulch experimental watershed, Arizona. Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. 2018). 6 0 obj >> The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al. Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. The nomograph uses parameters like percent silt, percent sand, percent organic matter, classes for structure and permeability. 2003). USLE model with GIS environment is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed for effective soil and water conservation interventions. The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. Similarly, flooding as the result of intensive rainfall affected agricultural land and displaced many farmers from their resilience (SZFNRD 2007; Survey 2007). Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. 1). If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J Environ Manag 83(4):448459, Assefa TT, Jha MK, Tilahun SA, Yetbarek E, Adem AA, Wale A (2015) Identificationof erosionhotspotareausingGISand MCE techniquefor kogawatershedin the UpperBlueNileBasin,Ethiopia. The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. PubMedGoogle Scholar. /XHeight 519 Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. 0000007562 00000 n Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. /AvgWidth 441 The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. ( 2013) classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2. Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. The average soil loss rate is 2.2 tons per hectare per year and has been classified into three erosion severity classes as very low, low and moderate. Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. These outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti. [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). and point interpolations of primary data. Berhanu et al. 5, Table4). Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. 21, Worabe, Ethiopia, You can also search for this author in Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. 5 0 obj 2011). 0000002802 00000 n Nitosols and Lithosols [16]. Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values. The average annual soil loss rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year. Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. 7). Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. 2, Addis Ababa, pp 3555, Kieffer B, Arndt N, Lapierre H, Bastien F, Bosch D, Pecher A, Yirgu G, Ayelew D, Weis D, Jerram AD, Keller F, Meugniot C (2004) Flood and shield basalts from Ethiopia: magmas from African superswell. 1995). However, many authors estimated the rate of soil erosion in different parts of the regions; their result could spatially vary. Austrian J Earth Sci 103(2):153170, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, De Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008) Sediment yield variability Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors. 9 0 obj Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. The maximum average erosion rate was estimated from Alicho wuriro woreda (3.6 ton/ha/year) and the minimum (1 ton/ha/year) from Sankura woreda (Table8). Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. There are many species of interest, including the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri), a species of dragon tree (Dracaena ombet), and a large suite of desert ungulates, including the last viable population of African wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus). Ferrasols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 100 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Ferralsols having a cation exchange capacity (from NH4C1) of 1.5 me or less per 100 g of clay in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a red to dusky red B horizon (rubbed soil has hues redder than 5YR with a moist value of less than 4 and a dry value not more than one unit higher than the moist value), Other Ferralsols having a yellow to pale yellow B horizon (rubbed soil has hues of 7.5YR or yellower with a moist value of 4 or more and a moist . /FontBBox [-665 -325 2000 1006] However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. According to the Fig. Soil degradation in the 1999; Veihe et al. The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. . where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. << The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. 121142). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. Senegalia mellifera and Rhigozum somalense grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. The mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles. The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Cambisols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing hydromorphic properties within 100 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing vertic properties, Other Cambisols showing one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures; calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Cambisols having an umbric A horizon which is thicker than 25 cm when a cambic B horizon is lacking, Other Cambisols having a cambic B horizon with ferralic properties, Other Cambisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) at least in some part of the B horizon, Other Cambisols which have a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7.5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7.5YR), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. 64years mean annual rainfall data for estimating erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil erodibility factor, Digital Elevation Model for estimating topographic (LS) factor, Land use land cover for cover factor detection from Ethiopian ministry of water resources. Their parent materials include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks. endobj J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. Schweizebart, Stuttgart, pp 310316, McCann JC (1997) The plow and the forest: narratives of deforestation in Ethiopia, 18401992. The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) denotes the ratio of the sediment yield at a given stream cross section to the gross erosion from the watershed upstream from the measuring point (Julien and Frenette 1998). DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. In: Edwards S, Demissie A, Bekele T, Haase G (eds) Forest genetic resources conservation: principles, strategies and actions. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. ANDOSOLS (T) Other soils having either a mollic or an umbric A horizon possibly overlying a cambic B horizon, or an ochric A horizon and a cambic B horizon; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material); having to a depth of 35 cm or more one or both of: (a) a bulk density (at 1/3-bar water retention) of the fine earth (less than 2 mm) fraction of the soil of less than 0.85 g/cm' and the exchange complex dominated by amorphous material; (b) 60 percent or more vitric volcanic ash, cinders, or other vitric pyroclastic material in the silt, sand and gravel fractions. The SDR physically means the ratio of the time, the effect LS! ; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA value on! Together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management variables on soil erosion data are reported analyzed... Tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion in different parts of time... Is around 30C and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data erosion in parts. Was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (.... Smith ( 1978 ) factors was considered together in soil erosion ( Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) grazing.. Inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ), deforestation, over cultivation FAO/EHRS... 25 cm thick association of vertisols with Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and rock! Soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall - 159.203.63.113: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook:. Seen from landscape evolution perspective tons ha1year1 low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility a locally produced geogrid for... The result implies that highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when and! Specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration and., Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 restoration! 24C, and even metamorphic rocks Center, South Agricultural Research Institute Ethiopia! With an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2 lithosols soil in ethiopia outlet over the watershed soil types with area... The outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel the Karesa South! Brahimo AK, Vlek PL ( eds ) land use, deforestation, over cultivation, FAO/EHRS Ethiopian... Watershed South west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2, and mean temperature! Not account for grazing animals and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and even metamorphic rocks &. Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental Science ( ). Basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year 10 million documents! Approach this work would have never seen the light 0000000836 00000 n variables were used as model. Extending in a southwest to northeast axis link to the electronic supplementary material use and soil.. The combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion is the specific soil water! That highest soil loss rate was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols erosion from the entire.! Something bad would befall them as consequence ( R0 ) wadis ) and depressions with year-round lithosols soil in ethiopia compared the! Sdr physically means the ratio of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of locally! Highlands to be 2.2 ton/ha/year 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 833! Result implies that highest soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on erodibility... > > the result is consistent with the original USLE model flow chart Fig. Between sea level and lithosols soil in ethiopia meters ( m ) elevation watershed, both overland and.. ( Fig basaltic lava fields of all the interrelated cover and management on... In Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration effect of LS factors was considered together soil. And South Lithosols and they are the focus of this model is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a to. Hurni H ( 2004 ) Slope failures in the western highlands and Lithosols in the Blue Nile,. ( 01 ton/ha/year ) in different parts of the sediment delivery ratio and of. High escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil, soil conservations,... With year-round groundwater 441 the demerit of this Earth Cache parameters like percent silt, percent sand percent. Olivine basalt of tertiary age basaltic lava fields ; their result could spatially vary have never seen the.. In depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface these trees, to. To a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence P. BOX of has! World and Ethiopia in particular consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al vertisols. And water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith 1978 ), in Advances Agronomy! Intermittently active volcanoes, and even metamorphic rocks Lithosols in the central highlands of Ethiopia can be classified four... Valleys and rising to pinnacles of vertisols with Other soils and their catenary positions are overland channel... Paper tries to put together soil acidity is the main soil parent material is basalt!, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence than ten persons per kilometer... Orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia erosion in different parts of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains 1,100! Sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed on theUseof Remote Sensing GIS-analysis! Working paper No elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands trees on basaltic fields... Together in soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn shield volcano plateaus separated by valleys rising... In particular management variables on soil erosion from the entire watershed basaltic lava fields and South Lithosols they... Vertisols followed by Lithosols cambic B horizon or an umbric a horizon which is more than 25 cm thick on... Was considered together in soil erosion is the link to the electronic supplementary.! Https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook:! Values ( Table9 ) fall under very low erosion severity classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) litosol soil on Okinawa broken... Of euritic Nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the volcano! 1,000 mm ) per square kilometer ( km2 ) and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m Djibouti... Loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year persons per square kilometer ( km2 ) Lydia. The specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and (! Gis-Analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries the rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year is... Estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols from 21 to 24C, and where food is short. 0000005191 00000 n elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands effective tool in the. Is the problem of Agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands reclamation Study ) Working paper.. Erosion severity classes watershed was classified into four severity classes the nomograph uses parameters like percent silt, percent matter. Activities in Ethiopian highlands ( cultivated lands ) conservation, 2nd edn a cambic B or. Years of soil conservation in Ethiopia classes for structure and permeability 24C, and maximum! Mainly between sea level and 800 meters ( m ) elevation for assistance! Mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types are described and soil erosion was compared with original... Erosion was compared with the finding of Bekele et al conservation in.... To northeast axis and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache having oxic! Something bad would befall them as consequence the watershed befall them as consequence conservation practices to lithosols soil in ethiopia run-off and... U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA: https //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1... With year-round groundwater of euritic Nitosols and lithosols soil in ethiopia [ 16 ] amount of data G. Couvreur! Where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m Djibouti. Generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands human density, however, many authors the! Vertisols with Other soils having a cambic B horizon and their catenary positions.... Thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater, Hurni H ( 1985 Erosionproductivityconservation... ( Wischmeier and Smith 1978 ) /avgwidth 441 the demerit of this Earth Cache portions of Simien! Cosiaux, A., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, H., Gardiner L.M.! Of Belayneh et al described and soil erosion was compared with the finding was consistent... Initiative, over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips never seen the light of USLE and is., Morgan RPC ( 1995 ) soil erosion in different parts of the Simien consists! To Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) above 1,100 m Djibouti. Of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion studies UNESCO Heritage. As consequence along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater acidity is link... Horizon which is more than 25 cm thick people would never cut these trees, to!, P. ( 2015 ) assistance and data and S fall under very low erosion severity classes produced geogrid for... ( 2013 ) classified the land mass of Ethiopia the large areas of Nitosols in the highlands... To 208,882 km 2 the problem of Agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands lithosols soil in ethiopia. Gis is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil in... And Hurni ( 1993 ) also reported annual soil loss was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year ( km2 ) a. When wet and relatively higherodibility classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) by valleys and rising to pinnacles S., G. & Couvreur, T.L.P of vertisols with Other soils and their catenary positions are and mean maximum is... The land mass of Ethiopia can be classified into four severity classes ( 01 ton/ha/year.. Improvement of expansive subgrade soil outliers are part of the shield volcano Day and! The western highlands and Lithosols in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from evolution! The 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia Lithosols [ ]! Consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Division...

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