This review will build upon this work by including research with children and adolescents and taking a bottom-up approach similar to grounded theory where the synthesis will remain close to the participants subjective descriptions of loneliness experiences within the included studies, rather than reflecting pre-existing themes in the evidence base. JG will check this extracted data for accuracy. In a sense, every literary work makes a statement or has a point. Perlman D, Peplau LA. Loneliness is a highly prevalent, harmful, and aversive experience which is fundamentally subjective: social isolation alone cannot account for loneliness, and people can experience loneliness even with ample social connections. One could say it is the author's interpretation of life that they wrote to share with others. Those who dont fit in that established order and feel their individuality are erased from society. While loneliness is more about being on your own and lacking connection, alienation means involuntary estrangement and a lack of sympathy from society. Unlike most science fiction, Fahrenheit 451 does not view technology as a universal good. PubMed In focusing on qualitative work, the planned review may also identify processes relevant to loneliness which are not expressed by statistical models. Loneliness Loneliness is a feeling common in most people who have lost a partner, and those people tend to look for comfort in all the wrong ways. Unacceptable or insufficient thesis statements * The theme loneliness and alienation is present in Of Mice and Men. The proposed systematic review will contribute to our knowledge of loneliness by clarifying how it is subjectively experienced across the lifespan. This systematic review and thematic synthesis will clarify how loneliness is subjectively experienced across the lifespan in the general population. In this quote, Victor shares his fear of loneliness. In this way, it may also provide a starting point for more nuanced qualitative work with specific populations and circumstances to ascertain components which may be characteristic of certain experiences. Whilst we expect that this would concern emotional, social, and cognitive components of the experience, we understand that these findings may also come to reflect perceived causes or effects of loneliness. In the book Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, this theme of loneliness is explored extensively. The epic poems refer to the beginning of the Archaic period in Ancient Greek history. These findings underline the need to better understand what makes up the subjective experience of loneliness, given that it is clearly not sufficiently captured by the objective experience of being alone. The PRISMA statement will be followed to create a flowchart of the number of studies included and excluded at each stage of this process. Most of them were eventually destroyed by the negative consequences of their loneliness. It contains plenty of useful materials for everyone. Symbols of Death in Literature: Examples & Meanings. Students can find guides on how to improve their writing and academic performance in general, get useful tips on making their study process more efficient, or learn how to deal with particular issues. Qualter P, Brown SL, Rotenberg KJ, Vanhalst J, Harris RA, Goossens L, et al. Cite this article. 2015;12(10):e1001895. Famous German physician Albert Schweitzer said, "We are all so much together, but we are all dying of loneliness." In the novel Of Mice and Men, written during the Great Depression, loneliness is a very important theme. et al. Whilst associations between aloneness and loneliness have been richly demonstrated [10, 11], other research has found moderate and low correlations between social isolation and loneliness [12, 13]. In this fragment, Gregors lifestyle is described with a couple of strokes. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Setting, Conflict: Man vs. Society, conflict man vs. man and more. Background: Given the dramatic projected increase in Alzheimer's disease globally and the increased risk of morbidity and mortality for family caregivers of these patients, there is an urgent need to provide more targeted, timely resources to support the health and well-being of these informal caregivers. Loneliness has become the focus of a wealth of research in recent years. This inductive synthesis of the available subjective descriptions of loneliness will offer a nuanced view of loneliness experiences. By including non-clinical populations of all ages, this research will provide an essential view of loneliness experiences across different life stages. London; 2018. 2002;34(3):2139. He uses frost and snow as symbols to refer to his isolation. McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01544-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01544-x. Tong A, Jones J, Craig JC, Singh-Grewal D. Childrens experiences of living with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. In other words, isolated people are not necessarily lonely. Of Mice and Men is a touching novella by John Steinbeck examining the intricacies of laborers relationships on a ranch. In this novel, Steinbeck depicts the essential loneliness of California ranch life in the 1930's. He illustrates how people are driven to find . These experiences are often reflected in their works, such as in James Joyces semi-autobiographical A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Unlike objective phenomena like blood pressure or age, loneliness can only be definitively measured by asking a person whether they feel lonely. 2015;13(3):17987. 2. The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships. 4. Finding the findings in qualitative studies. Qual Health Res. Using qualitative evidence in decision making for health and social interventions: an approach to assess confidence in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses (GRADE-CERQual). Correspondence to This review will also consider the age groups that have been studied and how experiences of loneliness might vary across the different age groups examined in this literature. After this screening process, the remaining articles will be included in the review following data extraction, quality appraisal, and analysis. As a result of her loneliness, she falls into deeper frustration. Lewin S, Booth A, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, Rashidian A, Wainwright M, et al. Carroll C, Booth A, Lloyd-Jones M. Should we exclude inadequately reported studies from qualitative systematic reviews? Who died in the Call the Midwife season 12 finale? It engulfs dreams, pleasures, and certain futures. Systematic Reviews The secondary source of potentially relevant material will be a search of the grey or difficult-to-locate literature using Google Scholar. Whether the theme is used to show that human nature is inherently lonely, to criticize dependence, or to argue that loneliness is a societal privilege ( A Room of One's Own -style), these are stories that never fail to be deeply affecting. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. The characters Crooks, Candy, and Curley's wife all live in a constant struggle against loneliness. 2016;51(3):33948. What is your favorite literary work focusing on any of these themes? Primarily, this review will be unable to capture aspects of loneliness experiences which have not been described in the qualitative literature, for example, due to the sensitivity of the topic, given that loneliness can be stigmatising, or aspects that are specific to a given unstudied population. An evaluation of sensitivity analyses in two case study reviews. J Psychol. The magnitude of the feeling can vary from light blues to depression. This review will also shed light on the age groups that have been included in qualitative research on loneliness experiences. Information on author, publication year, geographic location of study, methodological approach, method, population, participant demographics, and main findings will be extracted to understand the basis of each study. This will allow a transparent, systematic appraisal of confidence in the findings for researchers, clinicians, and other decision-makers who may utilise the evidence from the planned systematic review. This quality will be considered during the development of the data synthesis. Michalska da Rocha B. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Whilst loneliness is generally characterised as the distress one experiences when they perceive their social connections to be lacking in number or quality, social isolation is the objective limitation or absence of connections [9]. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. The exclusion from the rest of the community pushed him into becoming a hideous and cruel beast with a hard heart and thirst to kill humans. Heath G, Farre A, Shaw K. Parenting a child with chronic illness as they transition into adulthood: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of parents experiences. Loneliness In addition to dreams, humans crave contact with others to give life meaning. Countless characters in Of Mice and Men have . However, there is no need to lose. Whilst an ever-increasing body of research is situating loneliness at its centre, there is relatively little work which focuses on the lived experience of loneliness: how loneliness feels and what makes up experiences of loneliness. Mansfield L, Daykin N, Meads C, Tomlinson A, Gray K, Lane J, Victor C. A conceptual review of loneliness across the adult life course (16+ years): synthesis of qualitative studies: What Works Wellbeing, London; 2019. "There is only one love in life and it must be cherished.". For the thematic synthesis, in line with Thomas and Harden [30], all text labelled as results or findings will be extracted and entered into the NVivo software for analysis. sense of loneliness composed from broken dreams and loss of realism. You have made a good start in saying that loneliness leads to despair and desperation. The findings might be usefully integrated with more recent research which qualitatively explores loneliness in other age groups (e.g. Front Psychiatry. The work may have multiple parallel themes running through it, entwined into each other. 2012;24(8):134663. A recent systematic review report [18] has explored the conceptualisations of loneliness employed in qualitative research, finding that loneliness tended to be defined as social, emotional, or existential types. J Aging Health. 2017;100(1):7692. The report, shared earlier this month, details "record-high levels" of violence, sadness, and suicide risk among American teenage girls and those in the LGBTQ+ community. Kitzmller and colleagues [20] used meta-ethnography to synthesise studies regarding experiences and ways of dealing with loneliness in older adults (60years and older). These searches will be supplemented with hand-searching in reference lists, such that the titles of all articles cited within eligible studies will be checked. PMP, JG, RT, and KY contributed to the drafting and revising of the protocol. Syst Rev. Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: predictors and health outcomes. for only $16.05 $11/page. thematic statement. Loneliness has been conceptualised as having three key aspects: 'emotional loneliness' (the absence of close attachment with another significant person or persons); 'social loneliness' (the lack of integration into social networks) and 'existential loneliness' (stemming from the realisation that a human being is fundamentally alone) [ 10, 11 ]. 2010;7(7):e1000316. This will allow for a more holistic understanding of the lived experience of loneliness which can inform clinicians, researchers, and policymakers working in this important area. There are a number of available definitions of loneliness offered by researchers. 5. Implement Sci. Part of Stories featuring themes of isolation and loneliness often describe a quest for happiness or explore the reasons behind these feelings. Naturally, it creates discomfort and relationship problems. She doesnt have anyone with whom she would be able to talk, aside from her husband. The Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers Manual [41] also notes that thematic synthesis is useful when considering shared elements across studies which are otherwise heterogenous, which is likely to be the case in this review given that the common factor (experiences of loneliness) may be present across studies with otherwise diverse populations and methodologies. Predictors and subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population. discuss isolation and loneliness in literary works; If someone decides to be alone and enjoys this state of solitude, its, Cross-national comparisons of peoples experience of, Impact of social isolation on young peoples. Well, leaving out the fact that the doors were locked, should he really call for help? Due to its suitability for qualitative evidence synthesis, the SPIDER tool [24] was used to assist in defining the research question and eligibility criteria in line with the following criteria: Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research type (see Table 1 for details of these criteria). 2018;99:4152. The epic poem ends in a nostalgic and mournful way. Guidance from Thomas and Harden [30] will be followed to synthesise the data. The integration of these information technologies and communication in homes seems unstoppable, serving us this data as an indicator of the capacity for acceptance and assimilation technology of society. Writing Insightful Theme Statements A theme statement should be a complete sentence about the main idea of a work. Few studies have investigated the barriers to health and well-being and potential . 2010;40(2):21827. Once he has created the Monster, Frankenstein becomes even more alienated from the . The authors would like to acknowledge and thank Ms. Norma Menabney and Ms. Carol Dunlop, subject librarians at the McClay Library, Queens University Belfast, for their advice and assistance with designing a search strategy for this review. A number of qualitative studies of loneliness experiences have been carried out. Available from: https://sites.google.com/view/pearl-harvesting-search/ph-synonym-rings/structure-or-study-design/qualitative-research. We will examine how the theme of loneliness functions in literature. A second author (JG) will independently screen 50% of the titles and abstracts. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. The completed PRESS checklist is provided in Additional file 3. In line with the guidance from Haddaway and colleagues [25] on using Google Scholar for systematic review, a title-only search using the same search terms will be conducted and the first 1000 results will be screened for eligibility. volume9, Articlenumber:284 (2020) PubMed Central 2016;125(5):62030. An empirical investigation and a meta-analysis [D.Clin. Its also vital to mention that the two World Wars introduced even greater changes in human relationships. Article Rather, the novel explores the potential for technological advancement to make humans less free. The planned review will be reported according to the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) statement. 2012;22(10):142534. Based on a national youth survey of high school students in the fall of 2021, the report states that nearly 3 in 5 U.S. teen girls or 57% felt persistently sad or . This will create a tree structure of descriptive themes which should not deviate largely from the original study findings; rather, findings will have been integrated into an organised whole. Before moving forward, all text referred to by each code will be rechecked to ensure consistency in what is considered a single code or whether more levels of coding are required. Curley is also not an appropriate companion, as he treats his wife rudely and carelessly. Cooke A, Smith D, Booth A. Lewin S, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, Carlsen B, Colvin CJ, Glmezoglu M, et al. In light of this, it is concerning that recent research has found that loneliness is highly prevalent across age groups, with young people (under 25years) and older adults (over 65years) indicating the highest levels [7, 8]. Loneliness is an unpleasant emotional response to perceived isolation.Loneliness is also described as social pain - a psychological mechanism which motivates individuals to seek social connections.It is often associated with a perceived lack of connection and intimacy. He has never tried to hurt others, but people keep hurting him anyways, calling him nuts and crazy all the time will eventually make him go to the point of nuts and crazy. Moreover, test searches employing the search strategy retrieved all of seven informally identified likely eligible articles indexed in Scopus, indicating good sensitivity of the strategy. Naturally, it causes profound emotional suffering. Quality of the included articles will be assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research [32]. A+ custom essay Is there a relationship between loneliness and psychotic experiences? Perhaps a heart-warming relationship could melt the ice surrounding him. She is always caring and respects the people around her. Psychol Aging. Social isolation, loneliness and depression in young adulthood: a behavioural genetic analysis. This will be done because many factors, including varied reporting styles and misrepresentation of data as findings, can make it difficult to identify the findings in qualitative research [31]; accordingly, a wide-ranging approach will be used to capture as much relevant data as possible from each included article. Weiss [17] argued that whilst available definitions of loneliness may be helpful, they do not sufficiently reflect the real phenomenon of loneliness because they define it in terms of its potential causes rather than the actual experience of being lonely. This will allow for a more holistic understanding of the lived experience of loneliness which can inform clinicians, researchers, and policymakers working in this important area. She wants and needs to be near her sister, and cannot live alone in a hotel. 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