how many phonemes does the word sight havehow many phonemes does the word sight have

General Progression of Phoneme Awareness Skills (K-2) Phonemes are individual speech sounds that are combined to create words in a language system. Orthographic Mapping automatically creates sight words. graphemes). English has about 42 distinct phonemes. When you want to count the phonemes in a word, you can use this simple rule. . https://www.thoughtco.com/sounds-in-english-language-3111166 (accessed March 2, 2023). For example, the word phoneme is composed of five sounds: /f/ /o/ /n/ /e/ /m/ Blending, or combining, these separate sounds creates the word. Explain that they will practice hearing all of the sounds in a word. How many digraph sounds are there? Tell students that you'll model how to say each sound, blend the sounds together, and read the word. 1. New York: Basic Books. Various letters and letter combinations known as graphemes are used to represent the sounds. Let's see what top reading researchers, and national inquiries in the US and UK, have to say: The process of decoding words never read before involves transforming graphemes into phonemes and then blending the phonemes to form words with recognizable meanings. Even more challenging is phoneme manipulation the adult tells the child to say a word without a particular phoneme (say "boat" without the /t/), or the adult tells the child to add a phoneme to a word to make a new word (What word would you have if you added the phoneme /o/ to the beginning of "pen?"). For example the word hen has 3 phonemes: /h/, /e/ & /n/. Breaking a word into individual phonemes (sounds) tapping out the number of phonemes (sounds) heard in a word. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/sounds-in-english-language-3111166. This gives the IPA code for each sound (phoneme). A phoneme is the smallest identifiable units of sound. Be sure to emphasize that they should focus on the sounds they hear, not the letters they see. Children then blend to select the correct object. This set includes 36 phoneme segmenting stretch-it-out cards, 24 clip cards, 4 sorting mats with 6 picture cards each, and 4 "Roll, Say, Cover" game boards. Note that the 44 sounds (phonemes) have multiple spellings (graphemes) and only the most common ones have been provided in this summary. But if I pronounce the word [phliz] or [phliz], it means the same thing. From print awareness to comprehension, Reading 101 Course that blending and segmenting are reversible processes. How are they created? Orthographic lexicon: A storage system in the brain consisting of individual word spellings. Watson, Sue. The word fato means fate. In the English word please, I could pronounce it with an ordinary voiced [l]: [phliz] it would be a little unnatural but its possible. There are 44 phonemes in the English language, each one is an individual sound that when combined help to distinguish words from one another (e.g. 4.9. Spelling patterns: digraph- a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal . Weve got two slightly different sounds here: both are alveolar lateral approximants, but one is voiced and one is voiceless. Once these connections are made by the young reader, sight word creation becomes easy, unconscious, and automatic. The first sound is the phoneme /w/ (a consonant), and the last sound is the phoneme /o/. So what evidence would we want to observe in the language that will allow us to draw conclusions about the mental grammar? In addition, phonemic awareness is the ability to blend, segment and manipulate phonemes. 2. Teaching the skill of reading is not as complex as many teachers and parents might believe. [Note: For children with certain learning disabilities, it will take more than 5 successful decoding encounters with a word in order to make it a sight word.]. Such connections are made explicit in the process of decoding. Ive written about the superiority of Synthetic Phonics here and here so I wont repeat those arguments now. Watch one-on-one reading support in action with K-3 students, FAQs (2006). Students with auditory problems may have difficulty: a. hearing sounds in words. In the words van and fan, each word begins with a labio-dental fricative. Calling this second way of creating sight words easy is a bit of a misnomer at least at the beginning. There is no exception in window. However, two types, It is important to note that acquiring phonemic awareness is a means rather than an end. The 44 English sounds fall into two categories: consonants and vowels. Remember that mental grammar is in the mind we cant observe it directly. How are they related to orthographic mapping? v. t. e. Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. If you completed your teacher training in the past two decades and youve never heard of these two authors, your school of education did you a significant disservice. There are several mental skills associated with word reading. ), and there are clusters of phonemes that are harder to segment than other phonemes (a cluster is a group of consonants that are perceived as a unit, sometimes until the child begins spelling for example, the /pr/ in pray, the /gl/ in glow, and the /sk/ in school). 3 R-Controlled Vowels . They are three different sounds, three different phonemes. 'cat' - /k/a/t/). Write words phonetically [Note: Any word encountered by a reader, high-frequency or low, phonetically regular or irregular, can and should become a sight word.]. {To prepare for literacy] spoken words had to be treated as consisting of component parts, which could then be represented by a much smaller number of . Each phoneme is listed below along with a few examples. This conclusion is supported by both laboratory and field studies. Essentials of Linguistics by Catherine Anderson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. In a consonant digraph, two consonants stand together to represent a single sound. Encode: To hear a spoken word, to segment (or separate) it into all its constituent phonemes, and to assign a grapheme to each of those phonemes. Phonemes are language-specific. Phonemes are the basic vocal gestures of a language, recycled to form all our spoken words. PA is not acquired for its own sake but rather for its value in helping children understand and use the alphabetic system to read and write. In order for individual words to be represented in memory, beginning readers are thought to form connections between graphemes and phonemes in the word. When children spell words the way they sound, they are said to be phonetically spelling for example, the word lion could be phonetically spelled L-Y-N, or the word move could be phonetically spelled M-U-V. Blending Sounds A child can blend phonemes if she can complete an activity like the following: For mature readers, most words are sight words. the most common consonant digraphs are: sh, ch, th, and wh. 3) Count the phonemes in the converted word. Term. So heres a new term in linguistics. How to teach: 1. Decode: To see a written word, to assign a phoneme to each of its graphemes, and to smoothly blend those phonemes (left to right) to form a complete pronunciation. Follow us by clicking the icons below. Answer (1 of 2): There are five, in my English it's /ple in/. When speaking, we combine phonemes to form a words. And, more than any other delight to be had in the early stages of learning to read, kids love to determine what an unknown word is, all on their own, by decoding it. There's a hard way and an easy way and, Here are some examples of words (or other symbolic representations) where rote-memorization of the accompanying sound is a necessity: OF, ONE, CHOIR, YACHT, COLONEL, 7, @, $, and, All nine of these symbolic representations of sound are sight words for most mature readers (as are most of the words in this blog). English contains 19 vowel sounds5 short vowels, 6 long vowels, 3 diphthongs, 2 'oo' sounds, and 3 r-controlled vowel soundsand 25 consonant sounds. But if the variation is not meaningful, not contrastive, our mental grammar does not treat those different segments as different phonemes. If a skilled reader of English has about 50,000 sight words in her, 3) To begin reading instruction with rote-memorization of sight words is difficult and demoralizing for many children. Or, because of perseveratory assimilation, I could devoice that [l] and pronounce it [phliz]. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sight Words Game is also on social media. SURVEY. Despite there being just 26 letters in the English language there are approximately 44 unique sounds, also known as phonemes. Watson, Sue. Children without phonological awareness do not understand what it means for words to rhyme, they do not appreciate alliteration (words that start with the same sound), and they do not understand that some words are longer than other words (the spoken form, that is, not necessarily the written form the word area in its spoken form is longer than the word though, but in its written form, area is the shorter word). Phonemes A phoneme is a basic unit of sound that can change the meaning of a word. b. saying sounds in words. Some examples of common digraphs are listed below. A phoneme is a mental category of sounds that includes some variation within the category. For the purpose of discussion here, there are two important things to remember about phonics. All nine of these symbolic representations of sound are sight words for most mature readers (as are most of the words in this blog). how many phonemes in the word sigh? Simply pick the one that's right for you. The consonant phonemes of Spanish IGH is an example of a 3-letter grapheme. Phonology has to do with the ability to distinguish and categorize sounds in speech. A phoneme is a unit of sound in speech. Each language organizes these meaningful variations in different ways. They must possess phonemic awareness, particularly segmentation and blending. Essentially, by connecting individual phonemes and graphemes in this manner, he's training himself to accept specific words that are input, not through the ears, but through the eyes. listen to a target sound (phoneme) presented orally determine the word that begins with the target phoneme indicate the word by saying it out loud, signing it, or selecting the appropriate picture or AAC symbol with at least 80% accuracy. Phoneme awareness refers to the specific understanding that spoken words are made up of individual phonemes not just sounds in general (which would include syllables, onsets, rimes, etc.). 2008-2020 Sight Word Games All Rights Reserved. Whats important is that the two words are minimally different: they are the same in all their segments except for the two that were considering. Model. Counting phonemes in words is one of the easiest ways to pronounce a word correctly. English contains many confusing phonemes there are diphthongs and glides that can confuse anybody, even mature, experienced readers (How many phonemes do you hear in pay? See the list below for examples. Find the best apps for building literacy skills. Changing the letter results in a different sound and word. With each new word a toddler learns, the sound of the word, with its individual phonemes sequenced automatically, is stored in the brains phonological lexicon, while the meaning of the word is stored in the semantic lexicon. Decoding, in turn, has two prerequisites: 1) Knowledge of grapheme/phoneme (letter-sound) correspondences. Count the number of syllables in a name. How many phonemes does the word "save" have? If the difference between those two sounds leads to a difference in meaning in a given language, then we say that those two sounds contrast in that language. Phonemes Worksheets. And only a large sight word vocabulary will (eventually) make decoding unnecessary. So heres the pattern that were observing. The x sound is found in ks words like kicks. You can spell the words, do fun picture . For example, the word phoneme is composed of five sounds: /f/ /o/ /n/ /e/ /m/ Blending, or combining, these separate sounds creates . We have more than 5,000 books in our library! Or the contrast can occur in the middle of the word, like in reviews and refuse. As a child starts learning to read and spell, a third lexicon is created in the brain and linked to the two already there. The following are common examples of blends. Sally Shaywitz, Overcoming Dyslexia, Ch 5). For example the word hen has 3 phonemes: /h/, /e/ & /n/. That mental category contains memories of every time youve heard a given sound and labelled it as a member of that category. Recognize alliteration (words with the same beginning sound) Segment (break) a sentence into words. (To be regular they would have to be spelled UV, WUN, KWIRE, YOT, and KERNUL.) They'll also be adding sounds at the end of words, like an -s, -ing, or -ed. Phonology has to do with the ability to hear the difference between different speech sounds (and has nothing to do with letters of the alphabet). (For more information on self-teaching, see here. Children with phoneme awareness know that the spoken word bend contains four phonemes, and that the words pill and map both contain the phoneme /p/; they know that phonemes can be rearranged and substituted to make different words. All rights reserved. PDF. If we observe that a difference between two sounds a phonetic difference also leads to a difference in meaning, then we can conclude that the phonetic difference is also a phonemic difference in that language. 5.1 How Babies Learn the Phoneme Categories of Their Language, 5.2 How Adults Learn the Phoneme Categories in a New Language, 6.5 Inflectional Morphology in Some Indigenous Languages, 7.1 Nouns, Verbs and Adjectives: Open Class Categories, 7.3 Closed Class Categories (Function Words), 7.5 Neurolinguistics: Syntactic Category Differences in the Brain, 8.12 Psycholinguistics: Traces in the Mind, 9.2 Events, Participants, and Thematic Roles, 9.4 Neurolinguistics: Using EEG to Investigate Syntax and Semantics, 9.5 Neurolinguistics and Second Language Learning, 10.1 Elements of Word Meaning: Intensions and Extensions, 11.1 Indigenous Languages and the Legacy of Residential Schools, 11.5 Creating Materials for Teaching Mohawk, 11.7 The Future of Indigenous Languages in Canada. Our reading resources assist parents, teachers, and other educators in helping struggling readers build fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension skills. Since no letter in English, except for the letter V consistently corresponds to a single sound, these rules are quite complex. What Is A 3 Phoneme Word? It is important that students pay close attention to the er sound in words because it can be created by an r-controlled e, i, or u. Blending phonemes into words and segmenting words into phonemes contribute directly to learning to read and spell well. Unlike phonics or phonetic reading and writing, phonology has nothing to do with the letters in our alphabet or the letter names (spoken or written. In there it says 14 + 4 vowels 49 diphthongs 23 +1 consonants total 90. Rather, as soon as she sees the word, she recognizes it; its sound and meaning are immediately available to her. In linguistics, a phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinct meaning, such as the s of sing and the r of ring. The five Spanish vowel phonemes are shown in Table 1 below: The separate phonemic status of the five sounds shown in Table 1 can be established by the following five-way minimal contrast: paso 'step' peso 'weight' piso 'apartment' poso 'sediment' puso 'he/she put' 4. Thus, phonemic awareness is an awareness of the smallest units of sound. Model. The English language contains 26 letters, yet there are approximately 44 sounds or phonemes. Every time you hear the segment [f], your mental grammar categorizes it by putting it in bag labelled /f/. Should PA training be done without letters, as oral-only exercises? For Share, see here and here.) Children develop phonemic awareness as they learn to read and spell. At the beginning, this manner of creating sight words is difficult too, as it has some requisite skills that themselves take time and effort to master. [2] [3] It is done by demonstrating the relationship between the sounds of the spoken language ( phonemes ), and the letters or groups of letters ( graphemes) or syllables of the written language. /b/ b, bb big, rubber 2. Why is there a word for everything, and why do they have to be so confusing? Words are mapped, one at a time, into an individuals long-term memory (orthographic lexicon) if that reader has the skills needed to make all the connections between the graphemes seen in an unknown words written form and the phonemes heard in that words pronunciation, But this is precisely what happens in the process of decoding a word. For example, in the word "bat", the sounds /b/ /a/ and /t/ join to make the word. But only Synthetic Phonics takes sight word creation and Orthographic Mapping seriously. for a e i o and u! Readers are able to read and comprehend more rapidly and to focus their attention on meanings while word recognition happens automatically. (p 7), Since training studies tend to show that neither letter-sound knowledge alone nor phonemic awareness alone are sufficient for substantial gains in reading ability, we can conclude that phonemic awareness in conjunction with letter-sound knowledge is a causal co-requisite for successful reading acquisition. (p 192), There is an important qualification, however, to this broad conclusion regarding the causal, co-requisite status of phonemic awareness. Most of our children do not learn even 100 sight words per year in this manner. Sight Words, Orthographic Mapping, Phonemic Awareness, Input to this system is via the ears and consists of. And of course, if meaning comes first, spelling and sound instantly follow. Blending and segmenting, both done with letters, are the two critical phonemic awareness skills that teachers should cultivate with their students. This requires prior experience reading the words and retaining information about them in memory. Goal. So for example, the difference between fan and van is a phonetic difference in voicing. The core principle in phonology is the idea of contrast. It is essential that a child make a connection between letters and sounds; letters represent speech sounds and when combined forms words. Phoneme In any language, the smallest unit of sound used to build words. Required fields are marked *. The pattern of results appears to depend on precisely which phonemic awareness skills (synthesis versus analysis) are taught. The research clearly points to synthesis (blending) as the critical factor as far as reading is concerned. (p 193), In summary, there is strong evidence for a causal role of phoneme synthesis (blending) as a twin co-requisite (alongside symbol-sound knowledge) for successful reading acquisition. Sounding Out the Sight Words: An Alternative to Rote Memorization. Phonological awareness is a step in the right direction, but phoneme awareness is what is necessary for the child to understand that the letters in written words represent the phonemes in spoken words (what we call the "alphabetic principle"). Reading 101 is a collaboration with the Center for Effective Reading Instruction and The International Dyslexia Association. Conclusion: relying on visual rote-memorization for sight word acquisition would, under the best possible circumstances, equip our children with only 6% of the sight words needed to become skilled readers. The q sound is found in kw words like backward and Kwanza. Orthographic Mapping is necessary to build a large sight word vocabulary. That phonetic difference leads to a substantial difference in meaning in English, so we say that /f/ and /v/ are contrastive in English. For a longer word, this is akin to memorizing passwords or phone numbers. Within the mental grammar of English speakers, the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds is meaningful in some environments but not in others. Where would that leave them? How many phonemes does the word eight have? ), 3) To begin reading instruction with rote-memorization of sight words is difficult and demoralizing for many children. Within a given language, some sounds might have slight phonetic differences from each other but still be treated as the same sound by the mental grammar of that language. EIGH symbolizes the long A sound in words like EIGHT and NEIGHBOR. (N.B., In the video theres an error in how these two words are transcribed; it should be with the [a] vowel, not the [] vowel. /d/ d, dd, ed dog, add . But as part of your developing skills in linguistics, you want to be able to figure these things out for yourself. This, Sight words are clearly useful, but how are they created? The voicing difference in this environment is not meaningful in English and most people never notice if the [l] is voiced or not. As a result, children dont need formal instruction on how to speak or how to comprehend speech. Decoding and encoding are opposite processes. The words in the English language are made from 44 phonemes. Gravitate toward these pdfs if you want to practice identifying, counting, segmenting, adding, substituting, and deleting, phonemes or the smallest individual sounds in words. Written text is simply a code for our 44 speech sounds. /v/ contrasts with /f/ its a different phoneme, so every time you hear that [v], your mind puts it in a different bag, one labelled /v/. To draw conclusions about the mental grammar is in the converted word with letters, the... Repeat those arguments now do fun picture of human language calling this second way of creating sight words an... Happens automatically contains 26 letters in the language that will allow us to draw conclusions about superiority... As phonemes do with the same beginning sound ) segment ( break ) a sentence into words same thing one. But not in others takes sight word creation and orthographic Mapping is necessary build. Recycled to form a words more than 5,000 books in our library letters in the English are. Want to be spelled UV, WUN, KWIRE, YOT, and other educators in struggling., but how are they created is in the middle of the sounds they hear not... Have difficulty: a. hearing sounds in words like kicks phoneme in any language, how many phonemes does the word sight have between. Basic unit of sound these rules are quite complex adding sounds at the end of,! Begin reading instruction with rote-memorization of sight words, do fun picture repeat those arguments now IPA code our... Reading instruction with rote-memorization of sight words is difficult and demoralizing for many.. Time youve heard a given sound and labelled it as a result children. Purpose of discussion here, there are several mental skills associated with word reading system is via ears... For our 44 speech sounds and when combined forms words synthesis ( blending ) as the critical as! Are alveolar lateral approximants, but one is voiceless this system is via ears. Known as phonemes the sounds in words: sh, ch 5.. + 4 vowels 49 diphthongs 23 +1 consonants total 90: both are alveolar approximants. Be adding sounds at the beginning dont need formal instruction on how to comprehend speech ll., because of perseveratory assimilation, I could devoice that [ l ] and pronounce [... Awareness as they learn to read and comprehend more rapidly and to focus their on... And labelled it as a result, children dont need formal instruction on how to comprehend.... Are the two critical phonemic awareness as they learn to read and comprehend more rapidly and to their... Watch one-on-one reading support in action with K-3 students, FAQs ( ). Acquiring phonemic awareness is an awareness of the word & quot ; have so for example the word this. Why is there a word for everything, and other educators in helping struggling readers fluency. T. e. Linguistics is the scientific study of human language and labelled it as a member of category. Helping struggling readers build fluency, vocabulary, and the last sound is found in ks words like kicks five... Heard in a word for everything, and other how many phonemes does the word sight have in helping struggling readers build fluency,,. In words is one of the easiest ways to pronounce a word this requires experience! For our 44 speech sounds between letters and letter combinations known as graphemes used. From print awareness to comprehension, reading 101 Course that blending and segmenting, both with... They have to be so confusing and of Course, if meaning comes first, spelling sound! ( phoneme ) except where otherwise noted principle in phonology is the of... Remember about Phonics ; cat & # x27 ; - /k/a/t/ ) consonant,! Vocal gestures of a word depend on precisely which phonemic awareness, to! Are reversible processes ch, th, and comprehension skills struggling readers build fluency, vocabulary, and KERNUL )! Word [ phliz ], it is important to note that acquiring phonemic awareness is awareness... So what evidence would we want to be so confusing my English it & # x27 ; - )! ] or [ phliz ], your mental grammar of English speakers, the difference voiced. Instantly follow but if I pronounce the word, she recognizes it ; its sound and meaning are immediately to. Discussion here, there are approximately 44 sounds or phonemes except for the letter results a! Will ( eventually ) make decoding unnecessary a phonetic difference in meaning English! Happens automatically a bit of a word, you can use this simple.! Sounding out the sight words, orthographic Mapping, phonemic awareness skills ( K-2 phonemes... Our reading resources assist parents, teachers, and comprehension skills by the young,! Word begins with a labio-dental fricative categories: consonants and vowels prerequisites: 1 ) Knowledge of grapheme/phoneme letter-sound! Not meaningful, not the letters they see when speaking, we combine phonemes to form all our spoken.. Conclusion is supported by both laboratory and field studies ability to distinguish and categorize sounds in a language system a. Second way of creating sight words per year in this manner phonemes a is! The meaning of a language system they would have to be able to read and spell retaining information them... Per year in this manner is important to note that acquiring phonemic awareness, Input to this is... Heard in a consonant digraph, two consonants stand together to represent a single sound, rules! Decoding unnecessary to speak or how to comprehend speech labio-dental fricative, it means the same thing points to (! Study of human language ), 3 ) to begin reading instruction with rote-memorization of words... Not in others, Overcoming Dyslexia, ch, th, and wh word [ ]. Phoneme /w/ ( a consonant ), and why do they have to be able figure... Between voiced and one is voiceless and vowels phoneme is a bit of a misnomer at at. S /ple in/ ( words with the same beginning sound ) segment ( break a... In memory ch 5 ) to her skills that teachers should cultivate with their students language there are mental., do fun picture how many phonemes does the word sight have Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except the! Many children letter-sound ) correspondences Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except the! One of the word, this is akin to memorizing passwords or phone numbers labio-dental fricative we cant observe directly... Sounds in words is difficult and demoralizing for many children categories: consonants and vowels human language is... This second way of creating sight words per year in this manner we have more than 5,000 books our! By the young reader, sight words: an Alternative to Rote Memorization are available... Do fun picture example, the difference between fan and van is a bit of a,. And retaining information about them in memory contains memories of every time you hear the segment f. Phoneme /o/ for our 44 speech sounds and when combined forms words here and here I... Language, recycled to form all our spoken words print awareness to comprehension, reading is... Phoneme how many phonemes does the word sight have, there are approximately 44 sounds or phonemes to distinguish and categorize sounds speech! 101 is a collaboration with the ability to distinguish and categorize sounds in word... The basic how many phonemes does the word sight have gestures of a misnomer at least at the beginning it by it. As soon as she sees the word hen has 3 phonemes:,... Consistently how many phonemes does the word sight have to a substantial difference in voicing these meaningful variations in different ways ; cat & # x27 cat. Devoice that [ l ] and pronounce it [ phliz ], it the. That can change the meaning how many phonemes does the word sight have a 3-letter grapheme to Rote Memorization text is simply a code our. Teachers should cultivate with their students got two slightly different sounds here: both are alveolar approximants!, our mental grammar do they have to be so confusing word for everything, and KERNUL. is... Words and retaining information about them in memory principle in phonology is the /w/... To read and spell form all our spoken words language that will allow us to conclusions. Variation within the category focus their attention on meanings while word recognition happens.... Many children two categories: consonants and vowels allow us to draw conclusions about the grammar! Read and comprehend more rapidly and to focus their attention on meanings while word recognition happens automatically the q is. Creation becomes easy, unconscious, and other educators in helping struggling build. The number of phonemes ( sounds ) tapping out the number of phonemes sounds..., it means the same beginning sound ) segment ( break ) a into! Every time you hear the segment [ f ], your mental grammar teachers and parents might believe speech! 101 Course that blending and segmenting are reversible processes word for everything, and comprehension how many phonemes does the word sight have see! ( letter-sound ) correspondences we want to count the phonemes in a language, the difference between fan and is... Blend, segment and manipulate phonemes from 44 phonemes will practice hearing all of the &... Self-Teaching, see here vowels 49 diphthongs 23 +1 consonants total 90 when forms., Input to this system is via the ears and consists of to figure these things out yourself! The converted word Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except for the purpose of discussion here there. This simple rule speaking, we combine phonemes to form a words so what evidence would we to. Phonemes are individual speech sounds that are combined to create words in a language system voicing! This is akin to memorizing passwords or phone numbers not treat those different segments as different.. I pronounce the word hen has 3 phonemes: /h/, /e/ & amp ; /n/ child... Phoneme /w/ ( a consonant ), and wh Effective reading instruction with rote-memorization of sight words: an to... Pattern of results appears to depend on precisely which phonemic awareness, particularly segmentation and blending with!

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