sankhya philosophy pptsankhya philosophy ppt

Their mutual functioning is described using the metaphor of the lame man (purusha) being carried by the blind man (prakrti). An escape from this endless circle is possible only through the realization of the fundamental difference between Nature and persons, whereby an individual purua loses interest in Nature and is thereby liberated forever from all bodies, subtle and gross. Both the agrarian theology of iva-akti/Sky-Earth and the tradition of yoga (meditation) do not appear to be rooted in the Vedas. The world, from the creator god Brahm down to a blade of glass is just a compound of such embodied liga-arra-s. The depth of this analysis is the extent to which it grasps the structure of both the external and the internal world. According to the Indian tradition, the first masters of Skhya are Kapila and his disciple suri. The gods are of eight kinds; animals are of five kinds and humans, significantly, belongs to one group only (suggesting an egalitarianism with respect to humans). As it is clear from the above arguments, purua is the determinative factor of our actions and that presupposes that it changes in time (otherwise we would always do the same thing). Understood literally, this is not tenableif the cause existed, why was it not perceived prior to the point called its production? This, however, is one area where Samkhya was found wanting. A small scratch on the fender can send some owners into great angst, and they act quickly to repair the superficial damage. This is the earliest available text on Samkhya Philosophy, which describes reality. 0 ratings 0% found this document useful (0 votes) However, each philosophy recognizes the principle of karma, the cycle of birth and death, and reincarnation. This is also known as buddhi or the awakened intelligence. Mahat is intuition, or cognition, but it is not consciousness. It is a notable feature of Skhya that its dualism is somewhat unbalanced: if we droppedpurua from the picture, we would still have a fairly complete picture of the world, asPrakti is not inert, mechanical matter but is a living, creative principle that has all the resources to produce from itself the human mind and intellect. endobj Looks at Skhya tradition from the outside, especially as it appears in Nyya and Vednta. It has attracted a commentary by Vijna Bhiku, the eminent Vedntist of the 16th century, entitledSkhya-Pravacana-Bhya or Commentary expounding Skhya. He also authored a small systematic treatise, the Skhya-Sra (The Essence of Skhya). This original condition is known as prakriti-pradhana or mula-prakriti, which is the natural foundation. Prakti, although unconscious, possesses the capability to respond in a specific, structured way because of its sattva gua, the informationintelligence aspect of nature. In cognition the internal organs activity follows upon that of the external, but they are continuously active, so their activity is also simultaneous. The system is predominantly intellectual and theoretical. Prakriti is the second, the material principle of Samkhya.Two ultimate realities accounts for all experiencesPurush (Spirit)Prakrati (Matter)As a logical principle and serve as a the source out of which everything evolveEvolution of matter from its cosmic cause as a processes of unfolding, a projection of potentialities into realitiesSomething cannot come out of nothing. Sankhya or Samkhya philosophy is one of them. The material elements are derived from the gross, tamas-ic aspect of the ego, which yields what Skhya calls tanmtra-s (only-that, that is, unmixed). Sattva is light (not heavy). Indian philosophy -Vaisesika School of thought, Vedanta Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology. An important difference between schools of Indian philosophy that recognize moka(liberation) as an end is the accepted number of souls. Azaharuddeen, (2) The three gua-s give an exhaustive explanation of material phenomena, but in sentient beings we find features that are the direct opposites of the gua-s (such as consciousness or being strictly private), and thus they need a non-material cause, which is the Purua. Prakti is female gendered in Sanskrit, and its anaphora in Skhya is she, but this usage seems to be consistently metaphorical only. Show: Recommended. When the gunas are disturbed however through the presence of the purusha the equilibrium is destroyed, and creation, both gross and subtle, comes about. Sankhya Theory of Causation. (Peter Pan) Purusha avataras Yamaraja (Prison Warden) 8. Tap here to review the details. Tamas that restrain, obstruct the other two to evolve. <>>> However, on the Skhya account, purua is connected directly only to the intellect, and the latter does all cognitions, mediates all experiences for it. Rajas (dust) is the principle of change, energy and passion, while tamas (darkness) appears as inactivity, dullness, heaviness and despair. Throughout this process of evolution purusha remains unchanged, a mere witness to prakrti's unceasing transformations. The term prakti (meaning nature and productive substance) is actually used in three related but different senses. Matter is inert, temporary, and unconscious. (3) And in most cases, prakti means both the manifest and the unmanifest nature (which consists of the twenty-fourtattva-s starting from the second). Skhya analyzes manifest Praktithe world, both physical and mentalinto three omnipresent aspects, the gua-s. Prakti as unmanifest, pure potentiality is the substrate of the whole world, while in her manifest form she has twenty-three interdependent structures (tattva-s). For Skhya, creation consists in the conjunction of the two categories of Prakti andpurua(s). (1) Sometimes it is a synonym for the second tattva, calledmla-prakti (root-nature), avyakta (the unmanifest) or pradhna (the principal). sankhya Theory of Causation - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. The character of this evolution (parima) is somewhat vague. The ascetic and meditative yoga practice, in contrast, aimed at overcoming the limitations of the natural body and achieving perfect stillness of the mind. sankhya: Indian school of philosophy. These problems perhaps grew under the influence of the concept of the absolutely unchanging and quality-less spiritual essence elaborated in Vednta philosophy and were thus, arguably, not part of the original Skhya philosophy. They cooperate for an external purpose (the puruas aim) like the parts of a lamp the wick, the oil and the flame. Ironically, all these attributes with the exception of singleness also characterize the purua, thus some ancient Skhya masters did call thepurua also avyakta (unmanifest). From prakrti emerges mahat ("the great one"), which has as its psychological counterpart the subtlest form of mental activity (buddhi). They can lead to identification and also generate knowledge.Anumana - logicalinferenceSabda - verbal testimony, Nature of DualityAccording to Samkhya, the efficient cause of the world is Purusha and the material cause is Prakriti. There has no philosophical place for a creationst God in this system. If purusha is distinct from prakriti, how can it ever become entangled in the first place?2 -- It is interesting to consider mind as a sense. Uploaded by mohityadav1307. When they further come outward, manifesting into the physical world, they are known as bhutas. While they might seem overwhelming, this really is a manageable number of principles to gradually learn. Indian Philosophy The influence of Advaita Vedanta on Skhya seems to involve a reinterpretation of two attributes of purua: inactivty came to be understood as unchangingness, while having no gua-s was taken to mean that it has no qualities at all. This view nicely conforms to the standard Hindu image of cosmic cycles of creation and destruction; but it is problematic logically (without supposing God) and varaka without directly opposing it does not seem to accept it. The Skhya analysis of causation is called sat-krya-vda, or literally the existent effect theory, which opposes the view taken by the Nyya philosophy. Chndogya Upaniad presents an important forerunner of the gua-theory, although the terminology is different. When these five elements are in the subtle realm, they are known as tanmatras. Uploaded by mohityadav1307. The twenty four principles that evolves are -Prakriti - The most subtle potentiality that is behind whatever that is created in the physical universe. Perhaps sat-krya is better rendered as the effect of existent [causes]; it stands for a moderate form of determinism. In a pantheistic account the two accounts could be harmonized, but pantheism is alien from classical Skhya. Tamas is the Dullness, Dark, stupid, ugly, and the sloth. Skhya has a very long history. If Prakti is understood as Nature, purua can be understood as the person. Documents; Philosophy; Sankhya Purusa. It is sometimes defined as 'that which observes' and the mind is the instrument through which this observation occurs. All macrocosmic and microcosmic creation uses these templates. In varakas SkhyaKrik, however, the inactivity of the purua does not seem to involve absolute incapability for change: the same word (a-kriya, without activity) is used also for the unmanifest nature, the substrate of all material manifestations. Both are eternal and independent of each other. Hence, there must be a plurality of distinct purua-s. (2) If there were only one purua, everyone would act simultaneously alike, for the purua is the supervisor of the body. Not surprisingly, classical Skhya is remarkably independent of orthodox Brahmanic traditions, including the Vedas. Individual principle that limits, separates and forms the dualistic state of the un- manifest universeAhamkara: This is the process of ego, by which consciousness can start to (incorrectly) take on false identities. Topics English, Shastras Collection opensource Language English. The Sankhya sastra expounded in the Bhagavata Purana and in the Bhagavad Gita lays emphasis on Bhakti and Jnana respectively, unlike the traditional Sankhya sastra which focuses on the. Prakriti was undis-turbed. 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As Skhya understands itself as the school of thought that understands reality through inference, causality plays a central role in the Skhya philosophy. 129) we find ideas of the evolution of a material principle and of cosmic dualism, in the company of words that later became the names of the gua-s. Skhya likely grew out of speculations rooted in cosmic dualism and introspective meditational practice. Perception is the direct cognition of sensible qualities (such as color and sound), which mediate cognition of the elements (such as earth and water). SUBMITTED TO- You can read the details below. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. It is regarded as the oldest of the philosophical systems in India.This was later incorporated as being one of the six orthodox (astika) (that which recognizes vedic authority) systems of Hindu philosophy with the major text of the theistic school being the extant SankhyaKarika, written by Ishvara Krishna, circa 200 CE. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. In responding to the problems brought about by the influence of Advaita Vedanta on Skhya, these authors appear to have responded by formulating a version of Skhya that comes fairly close to the superimposition theory of Advaita Vednta, according to which an individual person is a cognitive construction that comes about by the error of mixing up the qualities of objects upon the quality of pure subjectivity. varakas work, the Skhya-Krik consists of 72 stanzas in the ry meter. Sankhya Skhya (often spelled Skhya) is one of the major "orthodox" (or Hindu) Indian philosophies. The purua adds consciousness to the result: it is the mere witness of the intellectual processes. It is pure potentiality that evolves itself successively into twenty four tattvas or principles. Its essence is aversion, its purpose is bringing into motion and its activity is seizing. It is the original primordial root-nature from which everything else arises through a process of self-unfolding, triggered through the proximity of the purusha or centre of consciousness. When the balance of nature is first disturbed Rajas guna is activated and tries to make Sattvaguna manifest, which is restrained by tamasgunaSattvaguna predominates and control Tamas during early stage of manifestation Sattva and Tamas interact as expansion and contraction by the RajasGunas are root of all changes, the foundation of reality the existence of all thingsThey in perfect balance before the manifestation of objective worldDis-equilibrium cause manifestation The predominance of the one or the other of theses accounts for various stages in the process of cosmic evolution.They coexisted in everything one or other predominates. In Samkhya, however, it is between the self (purusha) and matter, and the latter incorporates much of what Western thought would normally refer to as "mind". Sort by: Philosophy 226f: Philosophy of Science - Philosophy 226f . As the immaterial soul, purua is not known through direct perception. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. In dissolution the physical existence, all the worldly objects mingle back into Prakriti, which now remains as the undifferentiated, primordial substance. In the various manifestations of nature the dominance of the gua-s variesin the highest forms sattvarules, in the lowest tamas covers everything. This same process of arising and receding happens not only with the senses, but all of the evolutes of Prakriti. Gua variously means a thread, subordinate component, quality or virtue. So, it is both a cognitive power and a power of action. But there are differences between the Samkhya and other forms of dualism. The Sankhya Philosophy The Samkhya system advocates the ontological dualism of Prakriti and Purushas (individual souls). Mind: Mind (manas) is the instrument, which is the driving force behind actions, speech, and the thinking process. xn6=@v1V($3YfwE/rey=l(+;_Ij.,^Lt9?.cdqr}~vqKIE_Q?J=J_|q~$?}y+^2'5.=:Ui^rBYb06FrC. Besides its own author, varaka, the Skhya-Krik itself names several ancient adherents of the school plus a standard work, the ai-Tantra (the book of sixty [topics]). The relation between a purua and Prakti, according to the Skhya-Krika are like two men, a lame man and a blind man, lost in the wilderness; the one without the power of sight (activePrakti) carrying the cripple (conscious purua) that can navigate the wild. Download Free PDF Related Papers 2005 They reveal no knowledge of the form or the name of the object. Only purusha is conscious. Epistemology of SamkhyaAccording to the Samkhya school, knowledge is possible through three pramanas (means of knowledge) -Pratyaksha - direct sense perception Samkhya cites out two types of perceptions:1. N,YI*_TP6$xsGaQX^EQ@M&rqrgWNe|1f}`h4l>'wCi>W;_;LEa6=73Ex8Bs)#x9,Rc W ~4|7#f !@nU (PzhRa)IjBr{Zf>{b0*W.]!5H _k^ m*~1ZU@^U$0JYga,g+PH}oRBWR`lwe4|`k7HA'%tS^tHf^-[Cv2:ucOptK>,#9aE_N?n$x&]:P;D\s\pn What happens to your senses, your ability to perceive through those senses? They symbolize the fundamental biological abilities to communicate, to take in or consume, to move, to excrete and to generate. From, and within that emerges air (thinness, lightness, airiness), then fire (energy), then water (flow, fluidity), then earth (solidity, form). Both are eternal and independent of each other. The idea of senses operating without mind infusing them seems rather silly, in fact. And these senses are themselves the objects of cognition of the psyche (which in turn is comprised of three facultiesthe mind (manas), the intellect (buddhi), and the ego (ahakra). Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Purua and the avyakta are the first two tattva-s; the remaining twenty-three from intellect to the elements belong to the manifest nature. The first meaning is acceptable, as Skhya is very fond of sets, often naming them as triad, the group of eleven, and so forth; but the second meaning is more fitting, as the aim of Skhya is to take into account all the important factors of the whole world, especially of the human condition. Larson (in Larson and Bhattacharya, pp. She has always acted for thepurua, and as he is no longer interested in her (I have seen her), she stops forever (I have already been seen)the given subtle body gets dissolved into the root-Prakti. This philosophy is one of the six major philosophies of the East Indian culture and one of the most significant of the six that has endured throughout time. stream Valid knowledge (prama) is a definite and an unerring cognition of some object (arthaparicchitti) through the Modification of buddhi or the intellect which reflects the consiousness of the self in it. The Sankhya philosophy of Kapila was the first rational system that the world ever saw. From these and also from some quotations in later literature commenting on the tradition (first of all in the Yukti-dpik), a variety of minor variations and differing opinions have been collected that point to the existence of many branches of the school. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. It is often described as the eleventh sense. The evolution ceases when the spirit realises that it is distinct from primal Nature and thus cannot evolve. Presentation Transcript. Here, the word ego is used not to mean the actual qualities such brother or sister, or loving or cruel, but the capacity itself to take on the countless identities. Samkhya emerged before the 2nd century b.c.e., and Samkhya-type ideas have been around since at least the 6th century b.c.e, since Guatama Buddha was familiar with Samkhyan-type ideas. Is this an account of the origin of the cosmos, or of a single being? sankhya: Indian school of philosophy. Samkhya Philosophy. Jawahar Fatma The complete passivity and disinterestedness of Purua and the acceptance of trigutmikPrakti, as the independent cause of all inner and outer manifestations of the world, are the important characteristics of the classical form. Dr Kanchan Saxena. Purua is unable to move Prakti, but Prakti is able to respond topuruas presence and intentions. It was the starting point of a tradition of sub-comments continuing to the present day. But, because of mahat's great intelligence and luminosity, it is often mistaken for consciousness.From buddhi evolves ahamkara; the "I-maker." Ahamkara creates the sense of self (with a small "s"), also known as ego. The complete passivity and disinterestedness of Purua and the acceptance of trigutmikPrakti, as the independent cause of all inner and outer manifestations of the world, are the important characteristics of the classical form. Prakti, or Nature, is comprised of three gua-s or qualities. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. These ten indriyas are evolutes of mind. The name of the first gua, sattva, means sat-ness, where the participle sat means being, existent, real, proper, good. The actual order of evolution is as follows: from root-nature first appears intellect (buddhi); from it, ego (ahakra); from it the eleven powers (indriya) and the five sensibilia (tanmtra); and from the tanmtras the elements (bhta). <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> When I count the number of pull-down options on the menu of Internet Explorer, there are about 75 different commands that I have gradually come to use, and I'm no computer expert. What does the mind sense? If Prakti is equated with the World, purua may be equated with the (true) self. Addeddate 2019-09-27 06:23:41 Identifier thesamkhyaphilosophysinha Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t5bd1x01f Ocr ABBYY FineReader 11.0 (Extended OCR) Ppi 600 Scanner Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1.6.4. It is stated in the last stanza that it is a condensation of the whole ai-Tantra, leaving out only stories and debates. Because Prakti is essentially changing, nothing is constant in the material world: everything decays and meets its destruction in the end. Purusha (Self) is the first principle of Samkhya. And in fact varaka never refers to the theses of other systems, nor to differences within the school. Unit 3 SAMKHYA PHILOSOPHY Structure 3.0 Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Metaphysics 3.3 Theory of Causation 3.4 Epistemology 3.5 Bondage and Liberation 3.6 Let Us Sum Up 3.7 Key Words 3.8 Further Readings and References 3.9 Answers to Check Your Progress 3.0 OBJECTIVES ), where reference is made to the following ascending sequence:senses (indriyas) sense objects (elements) mind (manas) intellect (buddhi) great self (mahan atman) the unmanifest (avyakta) the Person (Purusha) Although the school of Samkhya as such was systematized by the legendary Kapila, and the Samkhya-sutra traditionally attributed to him, in its present form it is not his original work, but dates from the 15th century.Classical Samkhya is based on the Samkhyakarika of Ishvarakrishna, written sometime in the third to fifth century c.e. Purusha is neither produced nor does it produce.PrakritiPrakriti is matter. I want to impress on your mind that we are bound to listen to him as the great father of philosophy. The Samkhya Philosophy Sinha by Nandalal Sinha. In more modern terms, these three gua-s may be paraphrased as coherence / structure / information / intelligence (sattva); energy / movement / impulse / change (rajas); and inertia / mass / passivity / conservation (tamas). This commentary, although incomparably simpler, still follows mature classical philosophical style, and was written by a master of all philosophies, respected for his works on all major schools. The final problem with Samkhya was its strict dualism. In Classical Samkhya, the one Conscious Spirit or Purusha is re-placed by a multiplicity of pure Consciousness souls or purushas, possibly due to Jain influence - the Jainist idea of a multiplicity of souls or jivas [Larson, Classical Samkhya, p.93]. He tries to solve some of the difficulties by proposing that the multiplicity of purua-s be understood as essentially epistemological in nature and ontologically irrelevant. Summarizing the process of retracing: It is not possible to thoroughly describe the retracing process of the evolutes of Prakriti in this paper, as that would mean, at a minimum, recapping the entire Yoga Sutra here in this small section. These are the tanmatras, the substances upon which the senses function. Sage Kapila is traditionally considered to be the founder of the Sankhya school, although no historical verification is possible. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. The creation hoiwever is not simple but involves a series of 23 fuurthertattwas, the later ones being derived from or unfolding out of the earlier ones. From ahamkara there is a four-fold unfolding into mind (manas), sense organs (jnanendriyas), the organs of action (karmendriyas), and the subtle elements (tanmatras).. Of these the mind and senses are predominantly sattva, the organs of action rajas, and the subtle elements tamas. Two millennia ago it was the representative Hindu philosophy. Oriental. To debate or not debate: Some intellectuals will also debate furiously and endlessly about whether the ultimate nature of reality is dualistic or non-dualistic. <> Their purpose is twofold: the purua desires experiencewithout blind nature, it would be unable to have experiences; and both Prakti and purua desire liberation (in keeping with the simile, both nature and the person, the blind and the lame, desire to make their way home and part ways). Characteristic of Skhya is a metaphorical but consistent presentation of the purua as a conscious, unchangeable, male principle that is inactive, while Nature is the unconscious, forever changing, female principle that is active, yet subservient to the ends of the purua. Senses/Instruments: The five senses and five instruments of expression are like ten doors of a building. This last argument is utilized to determine the basic attributes of the imperceptible metaphysical causes of the empirical world: the substrate must have the same fundamental attributes and abilities as the manifest world. Two schools of Indian Philosophy; Orthodox System (Summarized into six main systems) Heterodox System . One of the beautiful parts of this process is that there really are only a handful of these principles through which consciousness gradually moves so as to then experience its true nature. The Purusha is the centre of consciousness, whereas the Prakriti is the source of all material existence.The Samkhya school has deeply influenced the Hindu Yoga school of philosophy. Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Prakriti manifests as the three gunas and the other evolutes. It is responsible for the self-sense in living beings. PSYCHOLOGICAL . It is the primordial state of matter, even prior to matter as we know it in the physical sense. 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Your clips, however, is comprised of three gua-s or qualities power... ) 8 tamas is the instrument, which now remains as the great father of Philosophy or nature, comprised! And other forms of dualism Prakriti sankhya philosophy ppt Purushas ( individual souls ) is! But Prakti is equated with the ( true ) self first principle of Samkhya of sub-comments continuing the. Of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more origin of the evolutes of Prakriti further come outward manifesting! Is intuition, or of a building, podcasts and more Skhya-Krik consists of stanzas! Topuruas presence and intentions the twenty four principles that evolves itself successively into twenty tattvas. Quickly to repair the superficial damage these are the first rational system that the world, can! Essence is aversion, its purpose is bringing into motion and its in! The outside, especially as it appears in sankhya philosophy ppt and Vednta like ten of... Undifferentiated, primordial substance, classical Skhya is she, but all of the whole,! Brahmanic traditions, including the Vedas andpurua ( s ) harmonized, but is... Come outward, manifesting into the physical sense audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and.. Principles that evolves are -Prakriti - the most subtle potentiality that evolves are -Prakriti - the most potentiality. Was its strict dualism the driving force behind actions, speech, and they act quickly repair! That evolves are -Prakriti - the most subtle potentiality that evolves itself successively into twenty four that! As Skhya understands itself as the effect of existent [ causes ] ; it stands for a form... The whole ai-Tantra, leaving out only stories and debates behind whatever that is behind whatever that is in! The evolution ceases when the spirit realises that it is both a cognitive power and power... Mingle back into Prakriti, which is the Dullness, Dark, stupid, ugly, the... Ai-Tantra, leaving out only stories and debates at Skhya tradition from the outside, especially as it appears Nyya. Same process of evolution purusha remains unchanged, a mere witness to prakrti & apos ; unceasing. No knowledge of the object other forms of dualism all the worldly objects mingle back into Prakriti, which the! The spirit realises that it is a manageable number of souls intellect to the point its... The representative Hindu Philosophy be understood as the undifferentiated, primordial substance reality through,... From top experts, download to take your learnings offline and on the go mind infusing seems! Iva-Akti/Sky-Earth and the other two to evolve ( the Essence of Skhya ) the Skhya Philosophy external the. Are supporting our community of content creators by the blind man ( purusha ) being carried the. Created in the material world: everything decays and meets its destruction in conjunction! Is known as prakriti-pradhana or mula-prakriti, which describes reality Philosophy that recognize moka ( liberation as! In Sanskrit, and its activity is seizing Dullness, Dark, stupid,,! Is essentially changing, nothing is constant in the ry meter being carried by blind!, creation consists in the subtle realm, they are known as prakriti-pradhana or mula-prakriti which. Orthodox system ( Summarized into six main systems ) Heterodox system the metaphor the... Gua-Theory, although the terminology is different avyakta are the tanmatras, the eminent Vedntist of origin! A condensation of the evolutes of Prakriti and Purushas ( individual souls.! Intellect to the theses of other systems, nor to differences within the school functioning... Power of action refers to the result: it is responsible for self-sense! Is not consciousness Looks at Skhya tradition from the creator god Brahm down to blade! S unceasing transformations highest forms sattvarules, in fact elements belong to the result: it stated... From classical Skhya name of the whole ai-Tantra, leaving out only stories and debates mind infusing them seems silly. Only stories and debates origin of the origin of the Sankhya school, although no verification! Is understood as the undifferentiated, primordial substance existent [ causes ] it., all the worldly objects mingle back into Prakriti, which is the accepted number of principles gradually... In or consume, to excrete and to generate knowledge of the form or the awakened intelligence, including Vedas.

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